Veterinarians in Medieval Times: From Blacksmiths to Specialized Practitioners

Introduction

Did veterinarians exist during medieval times? The answer is yes, although they were not referred to by the modern term. In medieval Europe, the care of animals was crucial for transportation, agriculture, and warfare. However, in other cultures, such as among the Nogays and Karachays, the role of veterinarians was quite different.

The Role of Blacksmiths

In the 1500s in Europe, farriers often took on the responsibility of treating both the horses' shoes and other medical issues. It was commonly believed that the first veterinary doctors were also blacksmiths. This practice continued partly due to the practical skill of shaping and maintaining the horse's shoes, which required a similar understanding of the anatomy and health of the horse.

Medieval Europe: Farriers as Caretakers

In medieval Europe, farriers specialized in the care of horses, including shoeing and treating injuries. Knowledge about animal health was often passed down through practical experience and rudimentary texts. Some individuals gained a reputation for their skills in treating sick or injured animals. The study of animal medicine became more formalized in later centuries, particularly with the establishment of veterinary schools such as the one founded in Lyon, France, in 1761.

Heritage Practices Among the Nogays

In contrast, the Nogays and Karachays, whose nomadic past gave them a deep knowledge of horses and other herd animals, had a different approach to veterinary care. According to historical accounts, they referred to their veterinarians as Suyek Usta or Yarakshi. These individuals were not just blacksmiths but were highly sought after for their comprehensive knowledge of animal medicine. Suyek Usta: This title held respect for those who were skilled in a variety of animal treatments. Yarakshi: A title that also signified expertise in the care and healing of animals. Nogay veterinarians claimed extensive knowledge, treating over 20 diseases that were unknown to many other cultures. Notably, they treated Tolstoy’s throat illness using crushed nut dust. The treatments were a mix of herbs, oils, milk, honey, and even more unconventional remedies such as hedgehog fat and crushed nuts. Open wounds were treated with a variety of natural products, including honey, oil, egg yolk, flour, and beeswax.

Unique Practices

The Nogay veterinarians had several unique practices, including: Kartyk: A treatment where blood was drawn from the right side of the horse using a blade, followed by a cup of water. This was believed to have healing properties. Throat and Eye Treatments: Granulated sugar was used for eye problems, while for throat issues, crushed nut dust was applied.

Conclusion

While medieval veterinarians in Europe were initially associated with farriers, their roles evolved over time. The Nogay and Karachay veterinarians maintained a more holistic approach, using natural remedies and traditional knowledge. Their practices laid the foundation for the diverse and specialized field of veterinary medicine that we know today.

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