Understanding the Legacy of Banda Bahadur: The First Martyr Beyond the Guru Arjun Dev

When discussing the first martyrs of the Sikh community, many often refer to Guru Arjun Dev Ji. However, the title first martyr often conflates with another significant historical figure - Banda Bahadur. This article delves into the real story of Banda Bahadur and the context in which he is viewed as a martyr.

The Misunderstanding of Banda Bahadur's Role

Guru Arjun Dev Ji is undeniably a revered figure in the Sikh religion, known for his bravery and unwavering faith. However, he eventually became the martyr it was believed to be during his assassination at the hands of Mughal emperor Jahangir. It is important to recognize that this interpretation shifts the focus from the complexities of Banda Bahadur's legacy to a more singular event and context.

Backstory of Banda Bahadur

Banda Bahadur, originally a Vaishnav ascetic named Laxman Dev, emerged as a significant political and military figure after the martyrdom of Guru Govind Singh. He was introduced to Govind Singh by spending time at Nanded, where the Guru promised him the responsibility of carrying forward his mission. Despite Guru Govind Singh's dire circumstances, Laxman Dev pledged his allegiance to the cause.

Fight against the Mughals

With the backing of the Sikh community and amongst the persecution of Wazir Khan, Banda Bahadur took up arms against the Mughals. His military endeavors resulted in the conquest of a vast territory stretching from Cis-Sutlej to Yamunanagar. This area almost encompassed the whole of modern-day Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh. Banda Bahadur's actions were driven by a desire for vengeance and the protection of his Sanatan Dharma. Most importantly, he sought justice for the murder of Guru Govind Singh, ultimately killing Wazir Khan in the process.

The Downfall of Banda Bahadur

Banda Bahadur's military exploits didn't last indefinitely. Contrary to expectations, Mughal ruler Farukhsiyar used a strategic move to exploit the internal conflicts within the Sikh leadership. Farukhsiyar promised Sikh leadership, including Guru Govind Singh’s widow Mata Sundari, positions of power within the Mughal army in exchange for deserting Banda Bahadur. The division within the Sikh community, marked by the factions of Tat Khalsa and the followers of Banda Bahadur under Bandai, weakened the standing of Banda Bahadur. Thus, Banda Bahadur fell into the hands of Farukhsiyar in 1715.

Torture and Martyrdom

Farukhsiyar’s captive was treated with utmost cruelty—to incapacitate Banda Bahadur and prevent his legendary escape skills, he was first shackled into a small 44-foot cage. His son Ajay Singh was brutally tortured in front of him, with his heart stuffed into Banda Bahadur's mouth. The torture was further intensified, with Banda Bahadur being pierced with hot iron rods, where lumps of flesh were torn off, and eventually executed. Additionally, his supporters who refused to renounce their faith were beheaded.

The Aftermath and Legacy

The reign of Mughal rule saw a decline with the rise of the Maratha empire under Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath and the Rajput king Ajit Singh. Banda Bahadur's execution marked a pivotal moment in the Sikh struggle, and his legacy as a martyr is celebrated as an emblem of resistance and faith. Throughout history, Banda Bahadur's struggle and eventual martyrdom continue to inspire many to remain steadfast in the face of oppression.

Conclusion

The story of Banda Bahadur goes beyond the conventional narrative, highlighting the complexities of leadership, resilience, and the resilience of a community. Banda Bahadur, a devout Sikh, is remembered not only for his valor but also for his unwavering commitment to religious freedom and justice, making him a revered martyr in Sikh history.