The Wire Guidance Mechanism of TOW Missiles: How Does It Work?

The TOW (Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided) missile has been a staple in missile defense systems for decades. This system uses a wire guidance mechanism allowing operators to steer the missile toward its target after launch. In this article, we will explore the launch, guidance, and operation of a TOW missile, including what happens to the wire and its vulnerabilities.

Launch and Guidance

The TOW missile is launched from its tube, and as it flies, a thin wire is unwound from the missile. This wire is typically around 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) long. The wire connects the missile to the launch platform, enabling two-way communication. The operator can monitor the missile's flight path through an optical sight and make real-time adjustments by sending control signals back through the wire.

Firing Mechanism

When the TOW missile is launched, it begins its journey, carrying the wire with it. The missile is propelled forward, unwinding the wire from a spool located on the launcher. The wire remains attached to the missile as it flies toward the target. This wire allows the operator to steer the missile by controlling its pitch and yaw through the commands sent over the wire.

Impact

Upon impact, the missile is designed to engage the target, without sticking into it as some might initially think. The operator can aim the missile with precision, making it suitable for both moving and stationary targets. The wire does not get dislodged during the impact; instead, it remains attached to the missile.

Wire Considerations

Trail

Despite its utility, the wire presents a tactical disadvantage. After launch, the wire leaves a trail back to the launch position. This visible trail can reveal the location of the launcher, especially in combat scenarios, making it crucial for operators to consider their positioning and cover.

Vulnerability

The wire guidance system also makes the missile vulnerable to countermeasures. If the wire is cut or damaged, the missile loses its guidance and can veer off course. Military personnel must be vigilant to protect the wire during deployment.

Post-Impact

After the missile hits its target, the operator can choose to either destroy the guidance wire or cut it. This decision is based on mission objectives and the tactical situation. In some cases, the wire may be left in place to prevent rear echelon forces or friendly troops from inadvertently handling the missile.

Recycling the Wire

Regarding your question about whether soldiers wrap the wire up like the cord to a vacuum cleaner, generally, the wire is not removed or re-wrapped after use. Instead, it is left to disintegrate naturally over time or is left to remain on the ground to avoid detection. The wire is designed to be used once and then discarted.

Conclusion

In summary, the TOW missile is guided via a wire that unwinds during flight, allowing the operator to control its trajectory. While the wire provides precision and flexibility, it poses both tactical advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these aspects is crucial for effective operation and deployment of the TOW missile system.