The Public Perception of the 1877 Strike and Haymarket Riot: A Historian's View

During the late 19th century, the labor movement in the United States experienced significant challenges and resistance, notably exemplified by the 1877 strike and the subsequent Haymarket riot. This article delves into how these events affected public perception of the labor movement.

Context of the 1877 Strike

The late 19th century was marked by industrialization and economic downturns, leading to unrest among industrial workers. Companies often sought to reduce wages to cover their losses during recessions. This move was highly unpopular, resulting in the 1877 strike.

The strike itself was not unique to this period. Workers had few options to negotiate with companies, and the only tools they had were strikes. However, these strikes were frequently met with resistance by employers and state and federal governments. Companies often resorted to using private security forces to break up strikes, and when that failed, they would engage with law enforcement and military personnel to end the strikes.

The public resentment towards the companies was palpable. Workers and the middle class, in the early stages of formation during the Industrial Revolution, were deeply affected by these economic and social changes. The divide between labor and capital was stark, and the public's perception was often influenced by the tactics employed by both sides. Companies' reliance on violence and pressure from state and federal authorities to end strikes did not endear them to the American public, who were often fellow laborers.

The Haymarket Riot and Public Resentment

While the Haymarket Riot of 1886 is often remembered as a pivotal moment in the labor movement, it is essential to understand the public reaction to it. Contrary to popular belief, the public did not resent the riot itself but rather the police and the actions that led to it.

The first bombing at the Haymarket rally was never conclusively linked to any member of the labor movement. In fact, the perpetrator has never been definitively identified. Anarchists have been speculated as potential suspects, but no solid evidence has emerged to support this claim.

The labor rally on the third day was already breaking up due to the late hour and the onset of rain when the police arrived with their newly-issued revolvers. The unarmed workers were merely trying to disperse. However, the police's actions led to numerous injuries, many of which were due to officers shooting at unarmed protesters in the back.

The public's reaction to these events was mixed. There were certainly protests and demonstrations in support of the labor movement, but the resentment of companies and state actors was far greater. The Haymarket incident highlighted the tension between workers' rights and the powers that be, but it was not the public who carried the main burden of resentment.

Conclusion: Understanding Public Perception

The 1877 strike and the Haymarket Riot serve as stark reminders of the challenges faced by the labor movement. The public's perception of these events was shaped by the actions of both companies and law enforcement. The riots were catalysts for social and political change, but it was the state's heavy-handed response that left a lasting impact on public opinion. Understanding the historical context is crucial for appreciating the complexity of labor relations in the late 19th century and the ongoing struggle for workers' rights.

References

(This section should include a list of historical sources, books, and articles for those interested in further reading and research.)