Why Do People from the Backward Districts of West Bengal Migrate to Other States for Work?

The migration of people from the backward districts of West Bengal to other states in India is a complex socio-economic phenomenon deeply rooted in historical, cultural, and economic factors. This article explores the reasons behind this migration and its impact on West Bengal's demographic and economic landscape.

The Context of Migration from West Bengal

West Bengal, a state located in eastern India, has seen significant internal migration over the past decade. The state has witnessed a rise in migration from its backward regions to other states, primarily driven by economic and demographic factors.

High In-Migration from Neighboring States

One of the notable trends in West Bengal is the influx of migrants from other Indian states. Between 2001 and 2011, approximately 10 lakh people from Bihar migrated to West Bengal, contributing significantly to the state's population growth. Similarly, around 90,000 people annually travel from Dhanbad in Jharkhand to Howrah in West Bengal by train for work.

Demographic Challenges in West Bengal

The demographics of West Bengal present a diverse picture. Hindu women in the state have a lower fertility rate of approximately 1.5 children per woman. In contrast, Muslim women have a higher fertility rate, with an average of 20 children per woman during their childbearing years. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) highlights these significant differences.

Reasons for Rural to Urban Migration

The primary reason behind the migration from backward districts of West Bengal to other states is the search for better economic opportunities. Many people have moved to Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, primarily for employment purposes. The state's rural areas often lack sufficient employment opportunities, leading to a brain drain of skilled individuals.

However, it is not just about employment. There is also a pattern observed where young women from neighboring states come to West Bengal for marriage or to continue their lives after marriage. This trend is particularly evident in Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, where many young women move to West Bengal for better prospects or to join their spouses.

Impact on Family Structures

The movement of young women from these states to West Bengal has led to changes in family structures. Many women who come for marriage purposes often remain in West Bengal for a significant period, contributing to a shift in demographic patterns. This trend has been driven by urbanization and modernization, which have altered traditional social structures and gender roles.

Conclusion

The migration patterns in West Bengal reflect a complex interplay of economic needs, demographic trends, and social changes. Understanding these factors is crucial for formulating policies to support the state's economic development and to ensure that local communities remain resilient and prosperous.

As the state continues to grapple with these migration dynamics, it is important to address the root causes of rural to urban migration and to create more opportunities for economic self-sufficiency in the backward districts of West Bengal.